Social work across the decades: the Maria Colwell inquiry

By Ray Jones

This article is the first of a new five-part series by professor Ray Jones for Community Care’s 50th anniversary. Each part will look back at key events from the previous five decades – starting with the 1970s – that have shaped the social work sector today.

It is fifty years since the launch of Community Care as a resource for social workers and others within social services.

Maria Colwell, pictured on the front page of Community Care

It was also fifty years ago, in 1974, that the Maria Colwell inquiry report was published. Its significance was recognised at the time – it was on the front cover of Community Care – and has not diminished over the past five decades.

Maria was seven years old when she was killed, in 1973, by her stepfather after being returned from foster care to the care of her mother. It was shaped as a ‘tug-of-love’ story between the mother and the foster parents and it captured the attention of the media and the public.

Maria experienced severe neglect and also physical abuse. She suffered brain damage, a fractured rib, extensive external bruising and internal injuries.

A novel response to a child’s death

Following campaigning by the local MP and the local newspaper, a public inquiry was launched.  At the time this was a new and novel response to a child’s death.

A previous inquiry in 1945 into the killing of twelve-year-old Dennis O’Neil was undertaken by a judge in private and took four days.

The Colwell inquiry, however, was held in public, had a three-person panel, and took 41 days. During the inquiry, the local authority social worker was described as ‘the defendant’, was threatened and harassed when arriving and leaving the inquiry, and had to have personal protection.

The inquiry report included concerns about inter-agency and inter-professional working, limitations in the sharing of information and the content of social work training.

Although Maria was seen by multiple other services, including the NSPCC, housing officers, health visitors and others,  it was the social worker from what was then a recently established social services department who became the focus of media and public hostility.

So the dye was cast. For the first time, an inquiry into the death of a child was held in public. It took over a month of daily hearings and drilled down, in great detail, into the circumstances of one child, with all the benefits of unfettered time and hindsight. It also attracted extensive media attention.

The legacy of the Colwell inquiry

It set the scene for the way in which many future inquiries were to be held, including the inquiry following the death of Victoria Climbie in 2002.

This, however, is not the only continuing legacy of the Colwell inquiry. The government’s response following the publication of the inquiry report has shaped what is still the focus and process of much social work activity.

The early 1970s was the time when the unified profession of social work was created across the country, with local authorities in England, Wales and Scotland becoming the lead statutory social services agency and the homebase for the employment of most social workers.

The intention was that the departments would provide a family service embedded within communities to help individuals and families in difficulty and to prevent problems from escalating.

But the Colwell inquiry, press coverage and the government’s response meant that, by the mid-1970s, child protection was the predominant focus and first priority for social workers, and this included implementing a new raft of government-defined procedures.

There was the introduction of the infrastructure, which is still recognisable and dominant today, of child protection (then called child abuse) case and review conferences, child abuse plans, child abuse registers, and what were called area review committees (now local safeguarding children partnerships).

Prioritising child protection over family support

So, in 1974, the death of a seven-year-old little girl led to the process of inquiries into child deaths, where there is suspected abuse, and the child protection procedural infrastructure still recognisable today.

It pushed social workers and their employing social services departments to prioritise children’s risk assessments, risk management and monitoring over family support.

This led to further policy reviews and legislation in the late 1980s to seek to rebalance the work of social workers with children and families and to give more attention to disabled and older people.

Ray Jones is the author of ‘A History of the Personal Social Services in England: Feast, Famine and the Future’ (Palgrave Macmillan 2020) and led the Independent Review of Northern Ireland’s Children’s Social Care Services in 2022-23.